7日間コース
Master Probability & Data in 7 Days
Learn to calculate probabilities using tree diagrams, tables, and counting. Apply data analysis to real-world decision-making.
対象: Junior High 2 / Overseas Japanese students
Concepts & Worked Examples
Understand equally likely outcomes, probability formulas, tree diagrams, tables, and real-world probability applications.
確率はある事柄の起こりやすさを数で表したもの。
P(事象) = その事象が起こる場合の数 / 起こりうるすべての場合の数
例:サイコロで3が出る確率 = 1/6 例:サイコロで偶数が出る確率 = 3/6 = 1/2
連続する事象の場合、すべての枝を書き出す。
例:コインを2回投げる 結果:表表、表裏、裏表、裏裏(4通り) P(2回とも表) = 1/4 P(少なくとも1回表) = 3/4
2つの同時事象の場合、格子状にすべての組み合わせを書く。
例:2つのサイコロを振る。全部で 6 × 6 = 36通り
P(和が7):(1,6)(2,5)(3,4)(4,3)(5,2)(6,1) = 6通り P = 6/36 = 1/6
例:赤3個、青4個、白5個の計12個の玉。 P(赤) = 3/12 = 1/4 P(白でない) = 7/12
例:1〜4のカード4枚から2枚引く。 組み合わせ:(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(2,3)(2,4)(3,4) = 6通り
P(和が6以上) = (2,4)(3,4) = 2通り P = 2/6 = 1/3
P(Aが起こらない) = 1 − P(Aが起こる)
「少なくとも1つ」を直接数えるのが難しいとき便利。
例:サイコロを3回振る。少なくとも1回6が出る確率は? P(1回で6が出ない) = 5/6 P(3回とも6が出ない) = (5/6)³ = 125/216 P(少なくとも1回6) = 1 − 125/216 = 91/216
確率と統計を組み合わせる:
例:バスケ選手が練習で100本中72本フリースローを成功。 次のシュートが入る確率の推定 ≈ 72/100 = 0.72
箱ひげ図はデータの散らばりを5つの値でまとめる:
四分位範囲 = Q3 − Q1(中央50%のデータの広がり)
例:14人のデータ(昇順): 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14, 14
数直線上に:
使い方: 複数のグループの分布を並べて比較する。
A bag has 5 red and 3 blue balls. You draw one ball. What is P(blue)?
解答
Total balls = 8 P(blue) = 3/8
Count favorable outcomes (blue = 3) and divide by total outcomes (8).
Two coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting exactly one head?
解答
Outcomes: HH, HT, TH, TT Favorable (exactly 1 head): HT, TH = 2 P = 2/4 = 1/2
List all outcomes using a tree diagram, then count the favorable ones.
Two dice are rolled. What is P(sum = 5)?
解答
Favorable: (1,4)(2,3)(3,2)(4,1) = 4 Total = 36 P = 4/36 = 1/9
Use a 6×6 table to list all 36 outcomes, then find pairs that sum to 5.
P(rain tomorrow) = 0.3. What is P(no rain tomorrow)?
解答
P(no rain) = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
Complementary events: P(not A) = 1 − P(A).
Data: 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15. Find Q1, Q2, Q3 and the interquartile range.
解答
Q2 (median) = (8+10)/2 = 9 Lower half: 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 → Q1 = 5 Upper half: 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 → Q3 = 12 IQR = 12 − 5 = 7
Split data at the median. Q1 is the median of the lower half, Q3 is the median of the upper half. IQR = Q3 − Q1.
Basic Practice
Practice calculating probabilities with coins, dice, cards, and simple counting.
場合の列挙と確率の計算を練習。
A die is rolled. What is P(number > 4)?
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答え
2/6 = 1/3
A bag has 4 red, 6 blue balls. What is P(red)?
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答え
4/10 = 2/5
A coin is tossed 3 times. How many total outcomes are there?
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答え
2³ = 8
Cards 1-5. Draw one card. P(odd number)?
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答え
3/5 (odd: 1, 3, 5)
Two dice rolled. P(both show the same number)?
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答え
6/36 = 1/6
Standard Practice
Tree diagrams, tables, and multi-event probabilities. ★2-3.
Pattern Practice
All probability calculation patterns drilled. ★2-3.
Applied Practice
Complementary events, conditional counting, data-based probability. ★3-4.
Advanced Practice
Complex probability problems and data interpretation. ★4-5.
Final Test & Bridge to Next
Comprehensive test on probability and data.